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- 1599-1658. English general and politician,
- Puritan leader of the Parliamentary side in
- the Civil War. He raised cavalry forces
- (later called Ironsides) which aided the
- victories at Edgehill 1642 and Marston Moor
- 1644, and organized the New Model Army, which
- he led (with General Fairfax) to victory at
- Naseby 1645. As Lord Protector (ruler) from
- 1653, he established religious toleration and
- raised Britain's prestige in Europe on the
- basis of an alliance with France against
- Spain. Cromwell was born at Huntingdon, NW of
- Cambridge, son of a small landowner. He
- entered Parliament 1629 and became active in
- events leading to the Civil War. Failing to
- secure a constitutional settlement with
- Charles I 1646-48, he defeated the 1648
- Scottish invasion at Preston. A special
- commission, of which Cromwell was a member,
- tried the king and condemned him to death,
- and a republic was set up. The Levellers
- demanded radical reforms, but he executed
- their leaders in 1649. He used terror to
- crush Irish clan resistance 1649-50, and
- defeated the Scots (who had acknowledged
- Charles II) at Dunbar 1650 and Worcester
- 1651. In 1653, having forcibly expelled the
- corrupt `Rump' Parliament, he summoned a
- convention (`Barebone's Parliament'), soon
- dissolved as too radical, and under a
- constitution (Instrument of Government) drawn
- up by the army leaders, became Protector
- (king in all but name). The parliament of
- l654-55 was dissolved as uncooperative, and
- after a period of military dictatorship, his
- last parliament offered him the crown; he
- refused because he feared the army's
- republicanism. Cromwell was a critic of
- Charles I and became active in events leading
- to the Civil War. He signed the king's death
- warrant in 1648 and in the power struggle
- that followed sided with the army and the
- establishment of the Commonwealth. He
- expelled parliament and established the
- Protectorate. His foreign policy was dictated
- by religious and commercial considerations;
- he found no constitutional basis for his rule
- and refused the crown 1657.
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